Degradable plastics refer to a type of plastic whose products have various properties that meet the usage requirements, remain unchanged during the shelf life, and can degrade into environmentally friendly substances under natural environmental conditions after use.

由于其生產(chǎn)原料和制作工藝的特殊性，可降解塑料一般在數(shù)天或幾個(gè)月的日曬雨淋及微生物的共同作用下，能逐步分解成碎片，更終全部降解。但是并不是放在原地就會自己慢慢降解，而是需要一定的堆肥環(huán)境，目前常見的降解機(jī)制有以下四種：光降解、生物降解、水降解、光—生物降解。

Due to the unique nature of its production materials and manufacturing process, degradable plastics can gradually decompose into fragments and ultimately degrade completely under the combined action of several days or months of sunlight, rain, and microorganisms. However, it is not that it will slowly degrade on its own when placed in place, but rather requires a certain composting environment. Currently, there are four common degradation mechanisms: photodegradation, biodegradation, water degradation, and photo biological degradation.

（1）光降解塑料：指被光照射后能發(fā)生降解的塑料，主要是通過光的作用使分子鏈斷裂實(shí)現(xiàn)降解過程。在太陽光（波長290~400nm）的照射下，塑料中的光敏劑或光敏感基團(tuán)激發(fā)出電子活性,分子鏈發(fā)生光化學(xué)反應(yīng)。分子鏈在一定的溫度、濕度以及氧氣的環(huán)境下發(fā)生光氧化反應(yīng)，分子鏈轉(zhuǎn)化為可溶性小分子物質(zhì),進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)降解。制品一旦埋入土中，失去光照，降解過程則停止。生產(chǎn)工藝簡單、成本低，缺點(diǎn)是降解過程中受環(huán)境條件影響大。

(1) Photodegradable plastic: refers to plastic that can undergo degradation after being exposed to light, mainly through the action of light to break molecular chains and achieve the degradation process. Under the irradiation of sunlight (wavelength 290-400nm), photosensitizers or photosensitive groups in plastics excite electronic activity, and molecular chains undergo photochemical reactions. Molecular chains undergo photooxidation reactions at a certain temperature, humidity, and oxygen environment, transforming them into soluble small molecule substances, thereby achieving degradation. Once the product is buried in the soil and loses light, the degradation process stops. The production process is simple and cost-effective, but the disadvantage is that the degradation process is greatly affected by environmental conditions.

（2）生物降解塑料：又稱生物分解塑料，在自然界如土壤、沙土及特定條件如堆肥化條件、厭氧消化條件、水性培養(yǎng)液中，被自然界中存在的微生物引起降解，更終完全降解變成二氧化碳（CO?）、水（H?O）和其他堆肥材料等天然物質(zhì)。生物降解的過程主要由環(huán)境條件（例如溫度或位置）、材料性質(zhì)或應(yīng)用等因素決定。此類塑料貯存運(yùn)輸方便，應(yīng)用范圍較廣。

(2) Biodegradable plastic: also known as biodegradable plastic, it is degraded by microorganisms present in nature, such as soil, sandy soil, and specific conditions such as composting, anaerobic digestion, and water-based culture media, and ultimately completely degrades into natural substances such as carbon dioxide (CO?), water (H? O), and other composting materials. The process of biodegradation is mainly determined by environmental conditions (such as temperature or location), material properties, or application factors. This type of plastic is convenient for storage and transportation, and has a wide range of applications.

（3）水降解：指在塑料中添加吸水性物質(zhì)，用完后棄于水中即能溶解掉的塑料制品。但是適用于水處理的可降解材料不多，且大多耐水性差、在水中強(qiáng)度不高,不能滿足日常使用的需要。以及水降解塑料材料成本過高，導(dǎo)致相關(guān)產(chǎn)品較高，大規(guī)模使用推廣具有一定的困難性。

(3) Water degradation: refers to the addition of absorbent substances to plastic, which can be dissolved in water after use. However, there are not many biodegradable materials suitable for water treatment, and most of them have poor water resistance and low strength in water, which cannot meet the needs of daily use. And the high cost of water degradable plastic materials leads to high prices of related products, making large-scale use and promotion difficult.

光—生物降解：其兼?zhèn)涔饨到夂蜕锝到獾墓δ埽诮到膺^程中，以光降解為基礎(chǔ)，在太陽光的作用下，塑料制品中能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)光降解的部分被降解，其余不能進(jìn)行光降解的部分，則需要通過生物化學(xué)方式，使高分子鏈斷裂轉(zhuǎn)化成低分子量化合物，更終實(shí)現(xiàn)降解。光—生物降解同事彌補(bǔ)了光降解和生物降解的缺陷，既避免了光降解中光照不足的缺點(diǎn)，同時(shí)也克服了生物降解時(shí)間過長的弊端，降解速度是普通降解塑料的五倍以上。但是仍處于研發(fā)階段，相應(yīng)產(chǎn)品較少。

Photobiological degradation: It combines the functions of photodegradation and biodegradation. During the degradation process, based on photodegradation, under the action of sunlight, the parts that can achieve photodegradation in plastic products are first degraded, while the rest that cannot undergo photodegradation require biochemical methods to break the polymer chains and convert them into low molecular weight compounds, ultimately achieving degradation. Photobiological degradation has made up for the shortcomings of both photodegradation and biodegradation, avoiding the disadvantage of insufficient light during photodegradation and overcoming the disadvantage of long biodegradation time. The degradation rate is more than five times that of ordinary degradable plastics. However, it is still in the research and development stage, and there are relatively few corresponding products.

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